Penetrative convection in rotating fluids: A model for the base of stellar convection zones     

R. L. Jennings 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-4):183-204

Abstract

To model penetrative convection at the base of a stellar convection zone we consider two plane parallel, co-rotating Boussinesq layers coupled at their fluid interface. The system is such that the upper layer is unstable to convection while the lower is stable. Following the method of Kondo and Unno (1982, 1983) we calculate critical Rayleigh numbers R_c for a wide class of parameters. Here, R_c is typically much less than in the case of a single layer, although the scaling R_c～T^2/3 as T → ∞ still holds, where T is the usual Taylor number. With parameters relevant to the Sun the helicity profile is discontinuous at the interface, and dominated by a large peak in a thin boundary layer beneath the convecting region. In reality the distribution is continuous, but the sharp transition associated with a rapid decline in the effective viscosity in the overshoot region is approximated by a discontinuity here. This source of helicity and its relation to an alpha effect in a mean-field dynamo is especially relevant since it is a generally held view that the overshoot region is the location of magnetic field generation in the Sun.  相似文献   

The effect of stratification and compressibility on anelastic convection in a rotating plane layer     

Krzysztof A. Mizerski  Steven M. Tobias 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(6):566-585

We study the effect of stratification and compressibility on the threshold of convection and the heat transfer by developed convection in the nonlinear regime in the presence of strong background rotation. We consider fluids both with constant thermal conductivity and constant thermal diffusivity. The fluid is confined between two horizontal planes with both boundaries being impermeable and stress-free. An asymptotic analysis is performed in the limits of weak compressibility of the medium and rapid rotation (τ^?1/12???|θ|???1, where τ is the Taylor number and θ is the dimensionless temperature jump across the fluid layer). We find that the properties of compressible convection differ significantly in the two cases considered. Analytically, the correction to the characteristic Rayleigh number resulting from small compressibility of the medium is positive in the case of constant thermal conductivity of the fluid and negative for constant thermal diffusivity. These results are compared with numerical solutions for arbitrary stratification. Furthermore, by generalizing the nonlinear theory of Julien and Knobloch [Fully nonlinear three-dimensional convection in a rapidly rotating layer. Phys. Fluids 1999, 11, 1469–1483] to include the effects of compressibility, we study the Nusselt number in both cases. In the weakly nonlinear regime we report an increase of efficiency of the heat transfer with the compressibility for fluids with constant thermal diffusivity, whereas if the conductivity is constant, the heat transfer by a compressible medium is more efficient than in the Boussinesq case only if the specific heat ratio γ is larger than two.  相似文献   

The catastrophe structure of thermohaline convection in a two-dimensional fluid model and a comparison with low-order box models     

Olivier Thual  James C. Mcwilliams 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1-4):67-95

Abstract

We impose a surface forcing on the 2D, Boussinesq, thermohaline equations in a rectangular domain, in the form of equatorially symmetric cosine distributions of salinity flux and temperature. This system may be seen as an idealization of the ocean thermohaline circulation on the global scale over intervals of centuries or millenia. Multiple steady states are found numerically. They reflect the competition between the opposite signs of the temperature and salinity-driven equatorially symmetric circulations. There are also pole-to-pole, equatorially asymmetric circulations. In the control space of the temperature and salinity-flux forcing amplitudes, these equilibria form two cusp catastrophes, and transitions between stable equilibria occur through several distinct bifurcations. These catastrophes can be reproduced in simple box models connecting stirred reservoirs through capillary pipes. This steady-state analysis may provide a framework for a better understanding of climatic transitions between different stable regimes of the ocean-atmosphere system.  相似文献   

Thermal convection of an internally heated infinite prandtl number fluid in a spherical shell     

Alexander P. Anufriev 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(1):65-83

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Convection in rotating annular channels heated from below. Part 2. Transitions from steady flow to turbulence     

Yingli Chang  Xinhao Liao 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3):215-241

We report the results of fully three-dimensional numerical simulations of nonlinear convection in a Boussinesq fluid in an annular channel rotating about a vertical axis with lateral no-slip or stress-free sidewalls, stress-free top and bottom, uniformly heated from below, a problem first studied by Davies-Jones and Gilman (1971 Davies-Jones, RP and Gilman, PA. 1971. Convection in a rotating annulus uniformly heated from below.. J. Fluid Mech., 46: 65–81.  [Google Scholar]) and Gilman (1973 Gilman, PA. 1973. Convection in a rotating annulus uniformly heated from below. Part 2. Nonlinear results. J. Fluid Mech., 57: 381–400.  [Google Scholar]). A substantial range of the Rayleigh number R (R_c≤R≤O(100 R_c)), where R_c denotes the critical value at the onset of convection) is considered. It is found that the wall-localized convection mode, unaffected by the velocity boundary condition imposed on the sidewalls, is nonlinearly robust. Both directions of travelling waves, one propagating against the sense of rotation near the outer sidewall and the other propagating in the same sense as the rotation in the vicinity of the inner sidewall, are always present in the nonlinear solutions. In contrast to nonlinear convection in a rotating Bénard layer, neither convection rolls nor the Küpper–Lortz instability can exist in a rotating annular channel because of the effect of the sidewalls. It is the nonlinear interaction between the wall-localized modes and the internal mode that plays an essential role in determining the nonlinear properties of convection in a rotating annular channel. Our studies reveal systematically the various nonlinear phenomena, from steady travelling waves trapped in the vicinities of the sidewalls to convective turbulence exhibiting columnar structure.  相似文献   

Instability of flows near the onset of convection in a rotating layer with stress-free horizontal boundaries     

Olga Podvigina 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2013,107(3):299-326

We investigate instability of convective flows of simple structure (rolls, standing and travelling waves) in a rotating layer with stress-free horizontal boundaries near the onset of convection. We show that the flows are always unstable to perturbations, which are linear combinations of large-scale modes and short-scale modes, whose wave numbers are close to those of the perturbed flows. Depending on asymptotic relations of small parameters α (the difference between the wave number of perturbed flows and the critical wave number for the onset of convection) and ε (ε² being the overcriticality and the perturbed flow amplitude being O(ε)), either small-angle or Eckhaus instability is prevailing. In the case of small-angle instability for rolls the largest growth rate scales as ε^8/5, in agreement with results of Cox and Matthews (Cox, S.M. and Matthews, P.C., Instability of rotating convection. J. Fluid. Mech., 2000, 403, 153–172) obtained for rolls with k = k _c . For waves, the largest growth rate is of the order ε^4/3. In the case of Eckhaus instability the growth rate is of the order of α².  相似文献   

黄土覆盖山地对岷县、漳县M_s6.6地震余震动力响应的影响          下载免费PDF全文

姚凯  王兰民  张志坚 《地震工程学报》2013,35(4):768-773

2013年7月22日岷县、漳县MS6.6地震发生后,我们立刻在极震区架设三台K2强震动记录仪器,以了解地震对黄土覆盖山地的影响.截至8月11日共获取地震记录172个（516条）,ML≥3.0的地震48个,最大震级ML4.4,最大加速度值65.9 gal.我们从永星台阵的强余震观测资料中,选取震级较大的余震记录进行分析,经过初步处理,分别读取各个台站的地表最大加速度值,由于观测地区的黄土覆盖层较薄,土质松软,永星村台、永星小学台这两个台的加速度记录,不能与大竜村台的记录直接比较,我们将观测记录进行傅里叶分析,统计其优势频率,展示部分典型记录的傅里叶谱发现,黄土对高频成分的吸收作用不可忽视,最大加速度值随震中距的增大而衰减迅速.在近场情况下,地表最大加速度对震中距十分敏感,所以无法直接对比不同地形对于地表加速度的影响,分析结果表明：大竜村台优势频率为5.2 Hz;永星村台优势频率为4.1 Hz;永星小学台优势频率为5.3 Hz,注意到位于山脚下的大竜村测点为基岩,加速度记录的优势频率自然较高,而位于山顶的永星村是黄土地基,但是此地的加速度记录的优势频率明显高于山腰记录,几乎与基岩台基的优势频率相当.宏观调查也表明：低频率、高烈度对于房屋的破坏力更大.ML3.8地震观测表明,地表加速度值随震中距的增大而迅速衰减,距离最近的大竜村台（基岩台址）获取的加速度记录北南向最大,另外两个分向的加速度记录也大于较远的两个流动台的记录.基岩台北南向比垂直向要大,和这次地震的震源机制（逆冲兼走滑）相关.地形影响依然存在,本次观测台阵中,位于山顶的永星村观测记录的傅里叶谱,明显高于山腰的记录,地表最大加速度值也稍高于山腰观测,由于地形相差不够大,规律性也不太明显.本次观测结果和以往在孤立山峰的观测情况略有不同,一是记录地震的震级偏小,而观测距离又偏近,震中距的影响可能超过地形因素的影响程度,所以其原因更加复杂,有待进一步研究.  相似文献   

2013年岷县M_s6.6地震区域台阵强震动记录衰减与烈度线比较分析          下载免费PDF全文

何新社  刘旭宙  潘颖凌  田秀丰 《地震工程学报》2013,35(4):774-779

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县6.6级地震是十年来发生在甘肃省破坏性最大的地震。本文对距震中距18~218 km以内的22个强震动台所获取的主震记录进行了分析处理,研究了该次地震在强震动台站分布方向上的衰减规律。将根据衰减规律得出的烈度区域与震后灾害评估的烈度图比较后发现,分析得出的Ⅷ度、Ⅶ度区范围相对略大,Ⅵ度以下区域范围则大致相当,其原因应该与近场的强震动记录较少有关系。  相似文献   

青藏高原东北缘M_s≥6.0强震活动特征及未来形势研究          下载免费PDF全文

姚家骏  王慧娟  冯建刚  马玉虎  李玮杰 《地震工程学报》2013,35(4):737-742

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震打破了青藏高原东北缘地区自2003年以来近十年的6级平静,该地震的意义及该区未来震情发展受到了地震学家的关注.本文运用Morlet小波变换分析了1875-2013年青藏高原东北缘MS≥6.0强震活动的周期特征,结果表明该区强震存在2～3年、8～10年、25～30年等尺度的显著周期;1977年以来青藏高原东北缘地区强震活动频度虽然正常但活动强度处于一个相对较低的阶段.在讨论了岷县漳县6.6级地震的发震背景基础上,认为该地震在青藏高原东北缘强震活动长时间较弱的背景下发生,可能是该区强震活动强弱的一个拐点,未来该区强震活动的频度与强度有增加的趋势.研究结果对该区震情跟踪工作有一定的参考价值.  相似文献   

强地震前地下流体趋势异常的再探讨     

陆明勇  李志雄  刘天海  寇建新 《国际地震动态》2013,(10):21-23

重新探讨了强地震前地下流体趋势异常,获得了一些认识：地下流体异常不一定存在完整的趋势、短期和短临等异常类型,但趋势异常普遍存在;地下流体特别是地下水位的趋势性异常,其开始时的形态不一定为缓慢变化;地下流体趋势异常不一定具有时空转移特征;地下流体趋势异常可能为“共同前兆”.  相似文献